PREVIOUSLY ASKED IN:
CTET 2024
Answer
Punishment and Obedience orientation - Avoidance of bad consequences
Explanation
In Kohlberg's theory, Stage 1 (Punishment and Obedience) is part of the pre-conventional level, where morality is dictated by the desire to avoid punishment. Thus, this pair is correctly matched. The other options present mismatched characteristics (e.g., 'Good boy' is about gaining approval, not 'greatest good').
Key Points
- > Lawrence Kohlberg proposed 3 levels and 6 stages of moral development.
- > Level 1 (Pre-conventional): Morality is controlled by external forces (punishment or reward).
- > Level 2 (Conventional): Morality is tied to personal and societal relationships and laws.
- > Level 3 (Post-conventional): Morality is defined by abstract principles and personal conscience.
- > Kohlberg used the famous 'Heinz Dilemma' to test moral reasoning.
Additional Information
- >## Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development| Stage | Orientation | Core Characteristic | |---|---|---| | Stage 1 | Punishment & Obedience | Obeying rules solely to avoid punishment. | | Stage 2 | Instrumental / Reward | 'You scratch my back, I scratch yours' (Tit for tat). | | Stage 3 | Good boy/Good girl | Seeking approval and trying to be seen as 'good'. | | Stage 4 | Law & Order | Strict adherence to societal rules and laws. | | Stage 5 | Social Contract | Rules are flexible contracts for the common good. | | Stage 6 | Universal Principles | Following one's conscience
- > willing to break unjust laws. |### Important Facts - **Carol Gilligan**: Criticized Kohlberg's theory for gender bias, arguing it ignored the female 'Ethics of care'.### Memory Tips - **Punishment = Pain avoidance**: In Stage 1, the child only wants to escape bad consequences.